Peroni M., Mulas V., Betti E., Patata L., Ambrosini P., 2012, Decommissioning and Remediation of NORM/TENORM Contaminated Sites in Oil and Gas, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 28, 181-186.
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) consist of materials enriched with radioactive elements found in the environment, such as uranium, thorium and potassium and any of their decay products, such as radium and radon. NORM occurs in geological formations and TENORM can be created by industrial activity. Examples of industries that may be of concern include Oil & Gas and phosphate fertilizer production. In decommissioning and remediation activities regarding sites of potential concern for NORM/TENORM, Saipem adopts site-specific protocols to proper management of on-site and off-site activities. The management cycle is based on NORM/TENORM characterization, radiological risk assessment and contamination control procedures.
