Study of Formation, Sublimation and Deposition of Dry Ice from Carbon Capture and Storage Pipelines

Abstract

Climate Change is caused by greenhouse gases such as CO₂. Worldwide increases in energy demand coupled with a continued reliance on flues derived from fossil resources have contributed to a significant and severe increase in atmospheric levels of CO₂. Scenarios for stabilizing the emissions of CO₂ suggest its stabilization through a portfolio of mitigation actions including the deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage projects (CCS). One of the process step consists in the transportation of the CO₂ to a storage location and this work focuses on dry ice formation following the accidental release of pressurized CO_{2 from CCS pipelines. The main aim is to investigate the dynamic and thermal fluid dynamic behaviour of a dry ice particle travelling down to the ground through air after the expansion to atmospheric conditions. This is achieved analyzing the influence of all the variables involved in the phenomenon, that is to say: particle initial diameter, post – expansion velocity and temperature, position and direction of the release point, air temperature, relative humidity and Pasquill atmospheric class of stability. The effect of these parameters on the in – flight life of the particle is discussed assembling an analytical model of equations of motion and of mass and heat transfer in order to establish which one is the most influential.}