Green Extraction of Antimicrobial Bioactive Compound from Piper Betle Leaves: Probe type Ultrasound-assisted Extraction vs Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction

Abstract

The utilisation of green method for medicinal plant extraction has become a trend and an acceptable method in many areas of research and development. In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted from dried Piper betle leaves using the probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to investigate the best green extraction method in terms of yield, extraction time, cost and recovery of bioactive compounds. The probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction method resulted in a high yield, reduced extraction time, easy handling, and cost-effective compared to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method. The results showed that probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction was the best green extraction method to achieve a high yield in a very short time (15 min) compared to the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method (120 min). The yield of probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction (18.98 %) was more than 13 time higher than supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (1.47 %) of dried Piper betle leaves. The operation of probe type ultrasound-assisted extraction is simple and less energy consuming. The green extraction was subjected to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. A total of 72 bioactive compounds from probe type ultrasound assisted extraction and 84 bioactive compounds from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were isolated and identified from the dried leaves of Piper betle. The presence of various bioactive compounds from dried Piper betle leaves can be a promising source for potential antimicrobial agents and Piper betle is justified as a plant with medicinal properties.