Abstract
Sustainable building is devised to diminish the environmental impacts of the project life cycle. Sustainability feature selections and waste reductions are essential to the designer during the inception stage. Consequently, the operation cost imposed by the JMB has been raised. This study aims to analyze the cost of involving JMB in the design stage to overcome this design gap. This study analyzes the influence of research and development criteria and their cost association in the initial stage of the project and excludes future costs. The aim of this research is to overcome the issues raised during the operation and maintenance phase of green building, which led to overestimating the operating budget. The implemented methodology in this research comprises secondary and primary data collection. The prime data was collected using a questionnaire survey distributed amongst qualified experts and professionals within green buildings and facility management. The data were analyzed using factor analysis to determine the factor score and weightage factor of the relevant JMB and Life cycle cost analysis. It is found that the highest weightage criteria are innovation, with a total weightage factor of 36.7 %, and criteria engagement of people has 19.2 % as the lowest. The study also explored additional perspectives by verdict association of cost element of JMB involvement and found that management cost is highly associated with research and development criteria with the value of 19 %, followed by development cost with 17.5 %. The outcome of this research will add value to green building development and uplift facility management and sustainable development with a low cost of operation and fees imposed. Furthermore, it paves the way to integrate various criteria of engaging JMB in design and its costs associated with the initial and future phases.
Introduction Green building is the best practice of designing, building, and operating buildings to maximize occupant productivity, use fewer resources, reduce waste and environmental impacts, and decrease life cycle costs (Umar et al., 2020). Sustainable building provides commercial benefits along with environmental benefits. Tenants or households gain cost savings on electricity fees, higher property value, increased occupancy rates, and operating costs. According to the World Green Building Council (2019), LEED certificated building has been observed in the environmental field to consume 11 % less water than non-green buildings and 25 % less energy, a 7 % increase in asset value over traditional buildings. Most sustainable complex buildings were not effectively managed due to incompetent facility managers, especially when facility management was not involved during the preliminary stage of the project. Facilities management becomes an issue after the properties are handed over to the end-users despite being more completed and organized related to the complex low-rise buildings. There are many individual corrective actions from different agencies, authorities, and organizations to overcome that are based on something other than project management and the LCC principle. Service and maintenance costs are too high, which account for 15 % of the investment return in renting the property unit (Medhat Al-Sweifi, 2020). Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) is an instrument to control the project's construction, operation, and maintenance expenses. It assists in determining cost-effective tools to implement during the design phase for a green building design (Kumari et al., 2022). In 1930, the US Department of Defense introduced LCC in three main approaches; Environmental, Conventional, and Societal, to include maintenance and operating costs in public procurement but only consider part of the life cycle and end of life. Environmental LCC intends to sequel the environmental life cycle assessment (LCA). As a result, multiple stakeholders can be involved. According to (Wouterszoon Jansen et al., 2020). Societal LCC further expands the analysis limits by including indirect and direct costs covered by the community. Environmental life cycle costing (ELCC) is a tool that scores five categories of associated costs of a project life cycle cost analysis: capital, maintenance, externalities, operation, and end-of-life (Cook et al., 2022). A body responsible for managing the green building project stages, which involves the representation of the developer, facility manager, tenants, or users of the green building, is called a Joint Management Body (JMB). The Malaysian Strata Management Act defined a Joint Management Body (JMB) or Management Corporation (MC) as a formed committee to manage the complex building and control its maintenance in cross-referral to international efforts. Professionalism is desired to ensure efficient joint project management through the life cycle of the sustainable complex project, from pre-planning to operation and maintenance (Zuo et al., 2017). To ensure proper management of the building's operation activities and maintenance. Through section 17 of the Strata Management Act 2013 law, a body is formed after the project is handed over to the end user (Chan, 2018). A new fundamental should be adopted by implementing facility management as a JMB in the planning phase of the green project. The effect of the transition towards the JMB-LCC cross-referral model will necessitate necessary changes in the design, and introducing a tool with new methods is needed to support this assessment (Khalid et al., 2022).This study employs the Selective Critical Literature Review Analysis (SCLRA) methodology, which utilizes an integrated matrix consisting of 57 critical literature reviews. The analysis using the SCLRA framework identifies multiple dimensions of interpersonal relationships examined in the previous study, for example research and development barriers, sustainable facility management, and the Joint Management Body duties and responsibilities. The SCLRA analysis in Table 1 reveals the importance of developing a novel planning model that effectively integrates the Joint Management Body and Life Cycle Costing (LCC). The analysis found that various studies have identified the challenges of operating and managing the facility in sustainable buildings by the JMB. It has been observed that there is a lack of existing research from a cost-based standpoint regarding the potential consolidation of the Joint Management Body with the LCC. The Joint Management Body-Life Cycle Analysis model examines the financial implications linked to sustainable construction practices and fosters a drive towards adopting research and development initiatives.
Table 1: Integrated matrix of selective critical literature review analysisNo.
Criteria Development ImpactFacility ManagementGreen BuildingLCCAJMBReference1.
vvZhang et al., 20182.
vBarbosa et al., 20213.
vvvvDalirazar and Sabzi, 2023Life Cycle Cost Analysis was not incorporated into a joint management body at the inception phase of a green building project, especially during the planning stage. This creates a gap in traditional management practices where new conditions and terms could arise from implementing a comprehensive management strategy for sustainable building. This restriction revealed a research gap. Therefore, it is urgent, crucial, and necessary to develop, edit, re-establish project management processes, and re-shape Joint Management Body responsibilities. In order to overcome the project management failure that occurred during the operation and maintenance phase, the new planning model will address the LCCA and involve the JMB from the beginning of the green building project. The potential focus of LCCA is to have sustainable buildings with the best cost performance in the future. Keeping in view the life cycle cost, it is necessary to study the impact of research and development criteria in terms of weightage cost, which is embedded as an innovative approach within the JMB and facility management industries. Therefore, the aim of the research is to connect the integrated association of the green building R&D criteria and JMB in the initial stage with life cycle costing (LCC). The outcome will provide ease to stakeholders in sustainable projects and researchers to assess JMB duties and responsibilities ,to find out LCC's association with criteria, sub-criteria, and super-sub-criteria in R&D at the inception stage by providing the cost weightage of R&D criteria to the investors.
